Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is a form of computer-based learning which carries two important features. bidirectional learning individualized learning. It is not method. CALL materials are tools for learning. The focus of CALL is learning, and not teaching. CALL materilas are used in teaching to facilitate the language learning process. It is a studen-centered learning material, which promotes self-paced learning.
Multimedia computing, the internet, and the Word Wide Web have provided an incredible boost to Computer-Assisted Language (CALL) applications. Once relegated to "novelty" status, CALL is finally achieving the recognition it deserves thanks in large part to these developing technologies.
Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) originates from CAI (Computer-Assisted Instruction). The philosophy of CAI or CALL is that the lessons should allow the learners to learn on their own using stuctured and/or unstructured interactive lessons. These lessons carry 2 important features : bidirectional (interactive) learning and individualized learning. CALL is not a method. It is a tool that helps teachers to facilitate language learning process. CALL can be used to reinforce what has beeb learned in the classrooms. It can also be used as remedial to help learners with limited language proficiency.
Technologies used in CALL instruction
The tecnologies used in CALL instruction generally fall into two categories, software and Internet-based activities.
Software
Programming software such as C++ and Visual Basic can be used to program CALL courseware. A courseware used in a CALL environment can be designed specifically for foreign/second language learning or adapted for this purpuse. Most language textbook or to stand alone for self-study. Most programs designed for language learning are tutorials.
Internet-based
The World Wide Web was launched in 1992 reaching the general public by 1993, opening up new possibilities in CALL.
Internet activities vary considerably, from online versions of software (where the learner interracts with a networked computer), to computer-mediated communication (where the learner interacts with other people vai the computer), to applications that combine these two elements.
CALL and computational Linguistics are serapatebut somewhat interdependent fields of study. The basic goal of computational linguitics is to "teach" computer to generate and communication with computers where the computer understand and generates natural language.
Advantages of CALL
Motivation
Generally speaking, the use of tecnology inside or outside the classroom tends to make the class moreinteresting. However, certain design issues affect just how interesting the particular tool creates motivation. One way a program or activity can promote motivation in students is by personalizing information, for example by integrating the student's name or familiar contexts as part of the program or task. Others include having animate objects on the screen, providing practice activities that incorate challenges and curiosity and providing a context (real-word or fantasy) that is not directly language-oriented.
Adapting Learning to the Student
Computers can give a new role to teaching materials. Without computers, students cannot really influence the linear progression of the class content but computers can adapt to the student. Adapting to the students usually means that the student controls the pace of the learning but also means that students can make choices in what and how to learn, skipping unnecessary items or doing remedial work on difficult concepts. Such control makes students feel more concepetent in their learning.
Authenticity
"Authenticity" in language learning means the opportunity to interact in one or more of the four skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking) by using or producing texts meant for an audience in the target language, not the classroom. With real communication acts, rathes than tarcher-contrived ones, students feel empowered and less afraid to contact others. Students believe the learn faster and better with computer-mediated communication.
Critical Thinking Skills
Use of computer technology in classroom is generally reported to inprove self-concept and mastery of basic skills, more students-centered learning and engagement in the learning proccess, more active processing resulting in higher-order thinking skills and better recall, gain confidance in derecting their own learning. This is true for both language and non-language classrooms.
Keyword Must
We use must in several different ways: to give commands or strong advice: You must never take lifts from strangers. You must never hit a superior officer. to show necessity: We must go now. You must put on your socks before your shoes.to show logical certainty in general, the past and the present:It must be awful to break one's leg in three places. It must have been very tiring for you to drive so far. He must be upstairs. to show something which is not allowed: You must not forget your homework. You must not fight in the classroom.
Keyword used to
We use used to in two different situations. The first talks about the present and something we are familiar with, the other about a past situation which no longer happens: I am used to driving long distances. I used to drive long distances. This is used for situations in the present which we are familiar with; they cause us no problems:{be} + {used to} + {noun phrase}
They are used to walking; they go walking in the mountains every year. I was used to living on my own when I was young; I left home at sixteen. Don't worry about the new job, you'll get used to it in no time. This is used for situations and habits which were true in the past, but do not happen now: {used to} + {infinitive}
I used to cry when I was a baby, but I don't now. We use the present simple to talk about habits now; habits from the past which are no longer true use used to: She smokes 20 cigarettes a day. She smoked 20 cigarettes a day when she was twenty. She used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day when she was twenty. Past actions which only happened once use the past simple: I used to cycle to school every day but once I took a taxi. We can make the negative in two ways: I didn 't used to...I used not to...The first is more common.
Keyword might
We use might as a modal verb to show possibility in the present & future: It may rain. He may have gone home, I don't know.The contraction of might not is unusual: He might not be here.He mightn't be here.It is also unusual to see might as a question: Might it be time to leave?
Keyword Will
We use will as amodal verb. We use will in several different ways: for certain predictions for the future, present and past in future: Arsenal will lose again. He will be on the plane by now. for events that will be completed at a time in the future: {will} + {have} + {past participle} This time next month we will have been married ten years. when we use it for prediction, we talk about events we cannot influence. We often use it for the distant future: In the year 2500 mankind will rely entirely on machines.{will} + {be} + {present participle}
We use this form to talk about fairly certain events in the future - it is almost the same as the present continuous used to talk about the future. He will be leaving tomorrow at six. We also use it to talk about continuous events in the future: We will be lying on the beach next week. to show intention: You stay there, I'll do it. I'll carry your bags if you like. to ask for something: Will you give me a hand? What will I do? to show refusal: He won't co me out of his room.
It will not work. to make promises & threats: I will always love you. I will kill you! making decisions on the spur of the moment: Is that the phone? - I'll get it. I think I'll have the roast beef. to give orders: You will do what I say. You will be a good boy from now on.to make invitations: Will you sit down, please.Won't you sit down, please.In informal writing, we often we abbreviate the verb will with an apostrophe: she will = she'll. The short form of the negative is won't: I will not leave yet. I won't leave yet. No, I won't is usually considered impolite. A politer way of refusing is to say: I'm afraid I can't.
Keyword on the other hand
When we join two clauses: {main clause} + {sub-clause + on the other hand} Jack could not eat fat, his wife could not eat lean meat on the other hand. We often use this phrase to begin a contrasting paragraph; unlike while and whereas we do not use very often as a simple conjunction.
When and While
When & While
We use these words when we talk about things happening at the same time. I was talking on the phone when you knocked on the door. I was working while you were watching television.But... what's the difference between when and while? While Two long actions at the same time: I painted the fence while you made something to eat. When Two short actions at the same time: I laughed when you told a joke.
In Grammar
A simple way to check which word to use is like this: if you are talking about an action in the past continuous and another one in the simple past, use when: I was eating breakfast when the doorbell rang. if you have two actions in the past continuous then use while: I was eating breakfast while my brother was having a shower.
Keyword have
The verb have is very important. It is a lexical verb and an auxiliary verb. It is irregular and it is very useful to learn the different forms thoroughly.The table shows the form of the verb have in the present and past:
| | person | present | past |
| singular | I/you | have | had |
| singular | he/she/it | has | had |
| plural | we/you/they | have | had |
When we speak and in informal writing, we use have got rather than have. I've got no money. She's got a large house in the country. The form is identFree-ESL to have but with the particle got: {have} + {got} Questions are either: Do you have...or Have you got...
We use the verb have [got]: to talk abo ut possession: I have two sisters. She has a headache. They had a Porsche but it was stolen. to show necessity: You have got to go now. Have you got to make such a noise? to show lack of necessity: You don't have to see the doctor today. We don't have to pay to get in. to order food & then eat or drink: I'll have a sandwich, what will you have? to describe an experience: Are you having a good time? We had a real laugh last night.have a...: Did you have a go? He had a look and didn't like what he saw. Causative form: He's having his stairs repainted. When we make questions or negatives with have as a lexical verb, we can use inversion or do:
{have} + {subject}
{do} + {subject} + {have}
It is more common to use do.
In informal writing, we often we abbreviate the ver b have with an apostrophe:
| I have | = | I've |
| he has | = | he's |
| they had | = | they'd |
Keyword it's high time
We use the phrase it's high time to say that something should be done now; in fact there is not much time left to do it.It's high time you got your hair cut. It's high time we were leaving, the train goes in twenty minutes.{it's high time} + {subject} + {past simple/continuous}
Keyword may
We use may in several different ways: to give permission: You may leave when you are finished. You may not talk during the exam. possibility in the present & future: It may rain. He may have gone home, I don't know. to ask for something: May I open the window? May I see your passport, please?
Keyword the last time
We use this phrase to talk about the most recent occasion when something happened. We often use it with the present perfect: {the last time} ... {was} + [in] + {date}
{subject} + {present perfect} + {since} + {date}
{subject} + {present perfect} + {for} + {time}
The last time it rained was 1976. It hasn't rained since 1976. It hasn't rained for X years.
Keyword go
We use {go} + {present participle}
to talk about things we go out to do:
go dancing, go fishing
Keyword the first time
We use this phrase to talk about something never done before:
I have never seen
We often use this phrase with the present perfect:
{it is the first time} + [that] + {subject} + {present perfect} ...
It is the first time [that] I have [ever] done this.
Keyword do
The verb do is very important. It is a lexical verb and an auxiliary verb. It is irregular and it is very useful to learn the different forms thoroughly.The table shows the form of the verb do in the present and past:
| | person | present | past |
| singular | I/you | do | did |
| singular | he/she/it | does | did |
| plural | we/you/they | do | did |
We use the verb do:
to talk about an action when we do not know what it is or do not want to say what it is:
What did you do last night?
I have done something terrible!
meaning work at, finish:
He's doing marvels in the kitchen.
We've done a lot of work on the house
Keyword could
We use could as amodal verb in several different ways: to talk about ability in the past:I could drive when I was fifteen. Could you hear me properly? to make requests: Could you help me, please? Could I have a light? to talk about ability in the future: Could you swim across this river? Could you lift that weight? to show possibility in the present & future: He could be at work, but I'm not certain. If I were rich, I could go the
to make suggestions for the future: We could have a party. You could see your mother and then go out afterwards. to ask politely for something: Could you give me some help here? Could you come here, please? to show permission politely: You could come on Thursday, if you like. The boss said you couldn't leave early. as the pasttense of can: I could r un much faster when I was younger. Women and children could work in the mines in the last century.
Keyword: can
We use can as a modal verb in several different ways to show: ability and opportunity in the present: I can drive. Can you hear me? permission: You can borrow my car if you want. We cannot allow you to behave in such a manner. to show impossibility: He can't have won! You can't be serious! to ask for or offer something: Can you help me? Can you open the window, please? Can I give you a hand?
Keyword be going to
be going to: form; use; going to go; questions; negatives {subject} + {be going to} + {infinitive} I am going to be a lawyer when I leave college. She is going to be a star one day. We use be going to: to talk about our future intentions: I am going to make a cake. He is going to start his own company soon. to talk about predictions which are based on what we see now. Look at those clouds - I think it is going to rain this afternoon. Arsenal are playing very badly - they are going to lose the match. to talk about past intentions or predictions: I was going to call you earlier but I forgot. I thought he was going to start his own company but I was wrong.
When the main verb in the sentence is go, we say: I am going to go on holiday next week. going to go is, however, not very elegant. Instead we often use: I am going on holiday next week. This is using the present continuous with a future meaning. We makequestions in this way: {be} + {subject} + {going to} + {infin itive} Are you going to help me or not? Is she going to apply for that job? We make negatives thus: {subject} + {be} + {not} + {going to} + {infinitive} He is going to win the game.He isn't going to win the game.
Keyword be able to
We use be able to as amodal verb in several different ways:to show ability or opportunity in the present: We are able to use this room. She is able to play the piano. ability or opportunity in the past: I was able to name every American state when I was at school. She was able to play the piano very well when she was ten. to show ability; we can use be able to with verbs of perception: I am able to hear him but I am not able to see him.
Keyword be
The verb be is very important. It is used as a lexical verb and an auxiliary verb. It is irregular and it is very useful to learn the different forms thoroughly.
The table shows the form of the verb be in the present and past:
| | person | present | past |
| singular | I | am | was |
| singular | you | are | were |
| singular | he/she/it | is | was |
| plural | we/you/they | are | were |
We use the verb be when we give information about the identity or qualities of a noun:
Eric is a marvelous swimmer.
They are good friends.
Was she here last night?
They weren't very happy with us.
The form is:
| infini tive | be |
| present | am/are/is |
| present participle | being |
| being | |
| past | was/were |
| past participle | been |
In informal writing, we often we abbreviate the verb be with an apostrophe:
| I am | = | I'm |
| you are | = | you're |
| he is | = | he's |
| I was not | = | I wasn't |
| You were not | = | you weren't |
Keyword: always
We use always with the present continuoustense to show when something happens too often.
{be} + {always} + {present participle}
He is always asking me to lend him money and I'm getting fed up with it.
She is always complaining! I wish she would stop it!
Are they always fighting? - No, they aren't always arguing, either.
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